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1.
Rev. Ciênc. Méd. Biol. (Impr.) ; 19(2): 353-360, set 24, 2020. fig, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1358435

ABSTRACT

Introduction: studies have highlighted the importance of gut microbiota (GM) to the host immune defenses, influencing the host development and physiology. Changes in the composition and diversity of GM have been detected in some disease and could be implicated in the pathophysiological mechanisms of them. Objective: the purpose of this study was to show an overview of the current knowledge about the GM of patients with airway diseases (AD). Methodology: the literature search was performed in four databases, using a combination of the descriptors: "Gastrointestinal Microbiome", "Gut Microbiome", "Gut Microbiota", "Cystic Fibrosis" (CF), "Asthma", "Pulmonary Hypertension" (HP) and/or "Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease" (COPD). Results: fifteen studies were herein included: ten of CF and five of asthma. No study about other AD matched the inclusion criteria. In all studies about CF, changes were detected in GM, particularly quantitative and qualitative microbial changes. For asthma, data showed changes in GM also including a reduction of microbial richness, evenness and diversity and in the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio. Conclusions: the current data indicate the existence of GM changes in AD. However, due to the few studies for asthma and the lack of investigations on HP and COPD, it was not possible to confirm whether these GM changes are observed in other AD. Furthermore, this review shows the necessity of more studies in this area to characterize dysbiosis and which alterations are more frequent observed in AD patients.


Introdução: estudos têm destacado a importância da microbiota intestinal (GM) para as defesas imunológicas do hospedeiro, influenciando o desenvolvimento e a fisiologia do hospedeiro. Mudanças na composição e diversidade da GM foram detectadas em algumas doenças e podem estar implicadas nos mecanismos fisiopatológicos delas. Objetivo: o objetivo desta revisão foi avaliar estudos sobre a microbiota intestinal (MI) de pacientes com doenças das vias aéreas (DA). Metodologia: esta pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada em quatro bases de dados, utilizando a combinação dos descritores: "Microbioma Gastrointestinal", "Microbioma Intestinal", "Microbiota Intestinal", "Fibrose Cística" (CF), "Asma", "Hipertensão Pulmonar" (HP), "Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica" (DPOC). Resultados: quinze estudos foram incluídos: dez de FC e cinco de asma. Nenhum estudo sobre outra DA correspondeu aos critérios de inclusão. Em todos os estudos sobre FC, foram detectadas alterações na MI, particularmente alterações microbianas qualitativas e quantitativas. Para a asma, os dados mostraram mudanças na MI, incluindo também uma redução da quantidade, uniformidade e diversidade microbiana e na razão Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes. Conclusão: os dados atuais indicam a existência de alterações na MI nas DA. No entanto, devido aos poucos estudos para asma e à falta de investigações para HP e DPOC, não foi possível confirmar se essas alterações na MI são observadas em outras DA também. Além disso, esta revisão mostra a necessidade de mais estudos nessa área para caracterizar a disbiose e quais alterações são mais frequentes em pacientes com DA.


Subject(s)
Humans , Respiratory Tract Diseases , Asthma , Cystic Fibrosis , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Hypertension, Pulmonary , Database
3.
J. bras. pneumol ; 45(1): e20170194, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-984623

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe COPD pharmacological treatment patterns in the state of Bahia, Brazil, and to evaluate the extent to which these patterns conform to clinical guidelines for the management of COPD. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 441 patients referred from the Public Health Care Network of the state of Bahia to a public referral outpatient clinic of a COPD management program of the Brazilian Unified Health Care System. Individuals with a spirometry-confirmed diagnosis of moderate to very severe COPD were included in the study. Patients were evaluated as to whether they had used any COPD medications in the last seven days. The appropriateness or inappropriateness (undertreatment or overtreatment) of the patient's pharmacological treatment was evaluated by comparing the patient's current treatment with that recommended by national and international guidelines. Results: A total of 383 individuals were included in the analysis. Approximately half of the patients (49.1%) used long-acting bronchodilators. These patients were older and had had the disease longer. Of the sample as a whole, 63.7% and 83.0% did not receive pharmacological treatment in accordance with international and national recommendations, respectively. Inappropriateness due to undertreatment was indentified in more than half of the patients. Conclusions: Long-acting bronchodilators are frequently underused in individuals with moderate to very severe COPD within the Brazilian Unified Health Care System in the state of Bahia. Most patients in our sample were treated inappropriately, and undertreatment predominated. Strategies to improve access to long-acting bronchodilators and the quality of COPD pharmacological management are required.


RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o padrão de tratamento farmacológico da DPOC no estado da Bahia e avaliar a conformidade desse padrão com diretrizes clínicas de manejo da doença. Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal envolvendo 441 pacientes referenciados da Rede de Atenção à Saúde do Estado da Bahia para um ambulatório de referência público de um programa do Sistema Único de Saúde de gerenciamento da DPOC. Foram incluídos no estudo indivíduos com diagnóstico de DPOC moderada a muito grave, confirmado por espirometria. Os pacientes foram avaliados com relação ao uso de algum medicamento para o tratamento da doença nos últimos sete dias. A avaliação da adequação ou da inadequação (sub ou sobretratamento) do tratamento farmacológico dos pacientes foi realizada comparando-se o tratamento atual desses pacientes ao preconizado por diretrizes nacionais e internacionais. Resultados: Um total de 383 indivíduos foi incluído na análise. Aproximadamente metade dos pacientes (49,1%) utilizava algum broncodilatador de longa duração. Esses pacientes eram mais idosos e possuíam maior tempo de duração da doença. Da amostra, 63,7% e 83,0% não recebiam tratamento farmacológico em concordância com as recomendações internacionais e nacionais, respectivamente. A inadequação por subtratamento foi identificada em mais da metade dos pacientes. Conclusões: Os broncodilatadores de longa duração são frequentemente subutilizados em indivíduos com DPOC moderada a muito grave no Sistema Único de Saúde da Bahia. Nesta amostra, a maioria dos pacientes era tratada de forma inadequada, com predominância de subtratamento. Estratégias que melhorem o acesso a broncodilatadores de longa duração e a qualidade do manejo farmacológico da doença são necessárias.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Bronchodilator Agents/therapeutic use , Disease Management , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy , National Health Programs/standards , Socioeconomic Factors , Spirometry , Severity of Illness Index , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Treatment Outcome , Sex Distribution , Prescription Drug Misuse/statistics & numerical data
4.
J. bras. pneumol ; 42(4): 241-247, July-Aug. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-794720

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine whether COPD severity correlates with sputum cell counts, atopy, and asthma. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving 37 patients with COPD and 22 healthy subjects with normal lung function (controls). Sputum cell counts were determined by microscopy after centrifugation of samples. Skin prick tests were performed, and serum cytokines were determined by ELISA. Results: Patients were stratified by bronchodilator response: a non-reversible airflow limitation (nonRAL) group comprised 24 patients showing no significant post-bronchodilator change in FEV1; and a partially reversible airflow limitation (partialRAL) group comprised 13 patients showing FEV1 reversibility (post-bronchodilator FEV1 increase ≥ 12%). The proportion of eosinophils in sputum was higher in the partialRAL group than in the nonRAL group (p < 0.01), and there was an inverse correlation between the proportion of eosinophils and FEV1 (p < 0.05). However, none of the patients had a history of asthma and skin prick test results did not differ between the two groups. In the patient sputum samples, neutrophils predominated. Serum levels of TNF, IL-6, IL-8, and RANTES (CCL5) were higher in patients than in controls (p < 0.001) but did not differ between the two patient groups. Conclusions: COPD patients with partial FEV1 reversibility appear to have higher sputum eosinophil counts and greater airway hyperresponsiveness than do those with no FEV1 reversibility. However, we found that COPD severity did not correlate with atopy or with the cytokine profile.


RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar se a gravidade da DPOC se correlaciona com a contagem de células no escarro, atopia e asma. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 37 pacientes com DPOC e 22 indivíduos saudáveis com função pulmonar normal (controles). As contagens de células no escarro foram determinadas por microscopia após a centrifugação das amostras. Foram realizados testes cutâneos de puntura, e as citocinas séricas foram determinadas por ELISA. Resultados: Os pacientes foram estratificados pela resposta ao broncodilatador: o grupo de limitação ao fluxo aéreo não reversível (LFAnr) envolveu 24 pacientes sem alteração significativa do VEF1 pós-broncodilatador, e o grupo de limitação ao fluxo aéreo parcialmente reversível (LFApr) envolveu 13 pacientes com reversibilidade do VEF1 (aumento do VEF1 pós-broncodilatador ≥ 12%). A proporção de eosinófilos no escarro foi maior no grupo LFApr do que no LFAnr (p < 0,01), e houve uma correlação inversa entre a proporção de eosinófilos e VEF1 (p < 0,05). Entretanto, nenhum dos pacientes apresentou histórico de asma e os resultados dos testes cutâneos não diferiram entre os dois grupos. Nas amostras de escarro dos pacientes, os neutrófilos predominaram. Os níveis séricos de TNF, IL-6, IL-8 e RANTES (CCL5) foram maiores nos pacientes que nos controles (p < 0,001), mas não diferiram entre os dois grupos de pacientes. Conclusões: Pacientes com DPOC e reversibilidade parcial do VEF1 parecem apresentar maiores contagens de eosinófilos no escarro e maior hiper-responsividade das vias aéreas que aqueles sem reversibilidade do VEF1. Entretanto, a gravidade da DPOC não se correlacionou com atopia ou perfil das citocinas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Asthma/immunology , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/immunology , Sputum , Asthma/physiopathology , Bronchodilator Agents/therapeutic use , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Cytokines/blood , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Forced Expiratory Volume/physiology , Neutrophils/immunology , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology , Reference Values , Severity of Illness Index , Statistics, Nonparametric
5.
J. bras. pneumol ; 40(2): 134-141, Mar-Apr/2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-709766

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To describe lung function findings in overweight children and adolescents without respiratory disease. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving male and female overweight children and adolescents in the 8-18 year age bracket, without respiratory disease. All of the participants underwent anthropometric assessment, chest X-ray, pulse oximetry, spirometry, and lung volume measurements. Individuals with respiratory disease were excluded, as were those who were smokers, those with abnormal chest X-rays, and those with an SpO2 = 92%. Waist circumference was measured in centimeters. The body mass index-for-age Z score for boys and girls was used in order to classify the individuals as overweight, obese, or severely obese. Lung function variables were expressed in percentage of the predicted value and were correlated with the anthropometric indices. RESULTS: We included 59 individuals (30 males and 29 females). The mean age was 11.7 ± 2.7 years. Lung function was normal in 21 individuals (35.6%). Of the 38 remaining individuals, 19 (32.2%), 15 (25.4%), and 4 (6.7%) presented with obstructive, restrictive, and mixed ventilatory disorder, respectively. The bronchodilator response was positive in 15 individuals (25.4%), and TLC measurements revealed that all of the individuals with reduced VC had restrictive ventilatory disorder. There were significant negative correlations between the anthropometric indices and the Tiffeneau index in the individuals with mixed ventilatory disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Lung function was abnormal in approximately 65% of the individuals evaluated here, all of whom were overweight. Obstructive ventilatory disorder and positive bronchodilator response predominated. .


OBJETIVO: Descrever os achados de função pulmonar em crianças e adolescentes sem doenças respiratórias e com excesso de peso. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com crianças e adolescentes de 8 a 18 anos de ambos os sexos, com excesso de peso e sem doença respiratória, submetidos à avaliação antropométrica, radiografia de tórax, oximetria de pulso, espirometria e medidas de volume pulmonar. Indivíduos com patologias respiratórias, tabagistas ativos, radiografia anormal ou SpO2 = 92% foram excluídos do estudo. A circunferência da cintura foi medida em centímetros. O escore z para índice de massa corpórea/idade e sexo foi utilizado para classificar os indivíduos como com sobrepeso, obesos e obesos graves. As variáveis dos testes de função pulmonar foram expressas em percentual do previsto e correlacionadas com os índices antropométricos. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 59 indivíduos (30 meninos e 29 meninas). A média de idade foi de 11,7 ± 2,7 anos. Os resultados dos testes de função pulmonar foram normais em 21 indivíduos (35,6%). Dos 38 indivíduos restantes, 19 (32,2%), 15 (25,4%) e 4 (6,7%) apresentaram, respectivamente, distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo, restritivo e misto. A resposta ao broncodilatador foi positiva em 15 indivíduos (25,4%), e a medida da CPT revelou que todos os indivíduos com CV reduzida apresentavam distúrbio ventilatório restritivo. Houve correlações negativas significantes entre os índices antropométricos e índice de Tiffeneau nos indivíduos com distúrbio ventilatório misto. CONCLUSÕES: A função pulmonar apresentou-se alterada em aproximadamente 65% dos indivíduos com sobrepeso aqui avaliados, predominando distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo ...


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Overweight/physiopathology , Pulmonary Ventilation/physiology , Respiration Disorders/physiopathology , Body Mass Index , Cross-Sectional Studies , Overweight/complications , Respiratory Function Tests , Respiration Disorders/etiology , Waist Circumference
6.
J. bras. pneumol ; 39(3): 296-305, jun. 2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-678246

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of atopy and to evaluate clinical, laboratory, and radiological profiles in patients with COPD. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving outpatients with stable COPD (defined by the clinical history and a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC < 70% of the predicted value). The patients completed a questionnaire regarding clinical characteristics and atopy, after which they underwent nasal lavage cytology, skin prick testing, chest X-rays, arterial blood gas analyses, and determination of total serum IgE. RESULTS: Of the 149 subjects studied, 53 (35.6%), 49 (32.8%), and 88 (59.1%) presented with nasal eosinophilia, a positive skin prick test result, and symptoms of allergic rhinitis, respectively. Correspondence analysis confirmed these findings, showing two distinct patterns of disease expression: atopy in patients with COPD that was less severe; and no evidence of atopy in those with COPD that was more severe (reduced FEV1 and hyperinflation). There was a statistically significant association between nasal eosinophilia and a positive bronchodilator response. CONCLUSIONS: Using simple and reproducible methods, we were able to show that there is a high frequency of atopy in patients with COPD. Monitoring inflammation in the upper airways can be a useful tool for evaluating respiratory diseases in the elderly and in those with concomitant asthma and COPD, a clinical entity not yet fully understood. .


OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de atopia e avaliar o perfil clínico, laboratorial e radiológico de pacientes com DPOC. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal com pacientes ambulatoriais portadores de DPOC estável (definida pela história clínica e relação VEF1/CVF < 70% do previsto após broncodilatador). Os pacientes responderam um questionário clínico e de atopia e foram submetidos a citologia de lavado nasal, teste cutâneo de alergia, radiografia de tórax, hemogasometria arterial e dosagem de IgE total. RESULTADOS: Dos 149 indivíduos avaliados, 53 (35,6%), 49 (32,8%) e 88 (59,1%), respectivamente, apresentavam eosinofilia no lavado nasal, teste cutâneo positivo e sintomas de rinite alérgica. A análise de correspondência confirmou esses achados, evidenciando dois perfis distintos de doença: a presença de atopia em pacientes com estágios mais leves de DPOC, e a ausência de características de atopia em pacientes com aspectos de doença mais grave (VEF1 reduzido e hiperinsuflação). Houve uma associação estatisticamente significante entre eosinofilia no lavado nasal e prova farmacodinâmica positiva. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo identificou uma alta frequência de atopia em pacientes com DPOC, utilizando ferramentas simples e reprodutíveis. A monitorização inflamatória de vias aéreas parece ser uma ferramenta útil para avaliar as doenças respiratórias em idosos, assim como em pacientes com sobreposição de asma e DPOC, entidade clínica ainda pouco compreendida. .


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Hypersensitivity, Immediate/epidemiology , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/epidemiology , Asthma/therapy , Bronchitis, Chronic/diagnosis , Cross-Sectional Studies , Eosinophilia/diagnosis , Hypersensitivity, Immediate/therapy , Nasal Lavage Fluid/cytology , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/therapy , Risk Factors , Rhinitis/diagnosis , Surveys and Questionnaires , Skin Tests/methods
7.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 17(2): 239-246, Mar.-Apr. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-673204

ABSTRACT

Despite the efforts made worldwide to reduce the number of cases of drug-susceptible tuberculosis, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) constitutes an important public health issue. Around 440,000 new cases of MDR-TB are estimated annually, although in 2008 only 7% of these (29,423 cases) were notified. The laboratory tests for diagnosing resistance may be phenotypic (based on culture growth in the presence of drugs) or genotypic (i.e. identification of the presence of mutations that confer resistance). The urgent need for a rapid means of detecting resistance to anti-TB drugs has resulted in the development of many genotypic methods over recent years. The treatment of MDR-TB is expensive, complex, prolonged (18-24 months) and associated with a higher incidence of adverse reactions. Some basic principles must be observed when prescribing an adequate treatment regimen for MDR-TB: (a) the association of at least four drugs (three of which should not have been used previously); (b) use of a fluoroquinolone; and (c) use of an injectable anti-TB drug. In Brazil, the therapeutic regimen for MDR-TB has been standardized and consists of five drugs: terizidone, levofloxacin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and an aminoglycoside (streptomycin or amikacin). Pulmonary resection is an important tool in the coadjuvant treatment of MDR-TB. While a recent meta-analysis revealed an average cure rate of MDR-TB of 69%, clinical studies are currently being conducted with new drugs and with drugs already available on the market but with a new indication for TB, with encouraging results that will enable more effective treatment regimens to be planned in the future.


Subject(s)
Humans , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy , Clinical Protocols , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects , Drug Therapy, Combination/methods , Genotype , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Phenotype , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/diagnosis
8.
J. bras. pneumol ; 35(10): 1018-1048, out. 2009. ilus
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-530496

ABSTRACT

Diariamente novos artigos científicos sobre tuberculose (TB) são publicados em todo mundo. No entanto, é difícil para o profissional sobrecarregado na rotina de trabalho acompanhar a literatura e discernir o que pode e deve ser aplicado na prática diária juntos aos pacientes com TB. A proposta das "III Diretrizes para TB da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia (SBPT)" é revisar de forma crítica o que existe de mais recente na literatura científica nacional e internacional sobre TB e apresentar aos profissionais da área de saúde as ferramentas mais atuais e úteis para o enfrentamento da TB no nosso país. As atuais "III Diretrizes para TB da SBPT" foram desenvolvidas pela Comissão de TB da SBPT e pelo Grupo de Trabalho para TB a partir do texto das "II Diretrizes para TB da SBPT" (2004). As bases de dados consultadas foram LILACS (SciELO) e PubMed (Medline). Os artigos citados foram avaliados para determinação do ...


New scientific articles about tuberculosis (TB) are published daily worldwide. However, it is difficult for health care workers, overloaded with work, to stay abreast of the latest research findings and to discern which information can and should be used in their daily practice on assisting TB patients. The purpose of the III Brazilian Thoracic Association (BTA) Guidelines on TB is to critically review the most recent national and international scientific information on TB, presenting an updated text with the most current and useful tools against TB to health care workers in our country. The III BTA Guidelines on TB have been developed by the BTA Committee on TB and the TB Work Group, based on the text of the II BTA Guidelines on TB (2004). We reviewed the following databases: LILACS (SciELO) and PubMed (Medline). The level of evidence of the cited articles was determined, and 24 recommendations ...


Subject(s)
Adult , Child , Humans , Tuberculosis , Brazil , Evidence-Based Medicine , Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Tuberculosis/therapy
9.
J. bras. pneumol ; 35(6): 574-601, jun. 2009. ilus
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-519309

ABSTRACT

A pneumonia adquirida na comunidade mantém-se como a doença infecciosa aguda de maior impacto médico-social quanto à morbidade e a custos relacionados ao tratamento. Os grupos etários mais suscetíveis de complicações graves situam-se entre os extremos de idade, fato que tem justificado a adoção de medidas de prevenção dirigidas a esses estratos populacionais. Apesar do avanço no conhecimento no campo da etiologia e da fisiopatologia, assim como no aperfeiçoamento dos métodos propedêuticos e terapêuticos, inúmeros pontos merecem ainda investigação adicional. Isto se deve à diversidade clínica, social, demográfica e estrutural, que são tópicos que não podem ser previstos em sua totalidade. Dessa forma, a publicação de diretrizes visa agrupar de maneira sistematizada o conhecimento atualizado e propor sua aplicação racional na prática médica. Não se trata, portanto, de uma regra rígida a ser seguida, mas, antes, de uma ferramenta para ser utilizada de forma crítica, tendo em vista a variabilidade da resposta biológica e do ser humano, no seu contexto individual e social. Esta diretriz constitui o resultado de uma discussão ampla entre os membros do Conselho Científico e da Comissão de Infecções Respiratórias da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia. O grupo de trabalho propôs-se a apresentar tópicos considerados relevantes, visando a uma atualização da diretriz anterior. Evitou-se, tanto quanto possível, uma repetição dos conceitos considerados consensuais. O objetivo principal do documento é a apresentação organizada dos avanços proporcionados pela literatura recente e, desta forma, contribuir para a melhora da assistência ao paciente adulto imunocompetente portador de pneumonia adquirida na comunidade.


Community-acquired pneumonia continues to be the acute infectious disease that has the greatest medical and social impact regarding morbidity and treatment costs. Children and the elderly are more susceptible to severe complications, thereby justifying the fact that the prevention measures adopted have focused on these age brackets. Despite the advances in the knowledge of etiology and physiopathology, as well as the improvement in preliminary clinical and therapeutic methods, various questions merit further investigation. This is due to the clinical, social, demographical and structural diversity, which cannot be fully predicted. Consequently, guidelines are published in order to compile the most recent knowledge in a systematic way and to promote the rational use of that knowledge in medical practice. Therefore, guidelines are not a rigid set of rules that must be followed, but first and foremost a tool to be used in a critical way, bearing in mind the variability of biological and human responses within their individual and social contexts. This document represents the conclusion of a detailed discussion among the members of the Scientific Board and Respiratory Infection Committee of the Brazilian Thoracic Association. The objective of the work group was to present relevant topics in order to update the previous guidelines. We attempted to avoid the repetition of consensual concepts. The principal objective of creating this document was to present a compilation of the recent advances published in the literature and, consequently, to contribute to improving the quality of the medical care provided to immunocompetent adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia.


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Immunocompetence , Pneumonia, Bacterial , Brazil , Community-Acquired Infections/diagnosis , Community-Acquired Infections/drug therapy , Community-Acquired Infections/prevention & control , Pneumonia, Bacterial/diagnosis , Pneumonia, Bacterial/drug therapy , Pneumonia, Bacterial/prevention & control , Severity of Illness Index
10.
J. bras. pneumol ; 35(4): 301-309, abr. 2009. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-513862

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar como o pneumologista vê o impacto da asma e da DPOC na sua clientela, e como ele vem tratando essas doenças. MÉTODOS: Inquérito com 227 pneumologistas participantes do VI Congresso de Asma e II Congressos Brasileiros de DPOC e de Tabagismo, realizados em 2007. RESULTADOS: As respostas dos pneumologistas mostraram que a DPOC é um problema de saúde pública igual ou maior que a asma, e que a DPOC causa inúmeros transtornos para o doente e para seus familiares. Na escolha do dispositivo inalatório, a simplicidade de uso é mais importante que o custo, havendo discreta predileção pelos sistemas Aeroliser® e Diskus®. A associação entre budesonida e formoterol foi a conduta terapêutica mais citada para o tratamento continuado do asmático sintomático, enquanto o brometo de tiotrópio foi o medicamento preferido pela maior parte para o tratamento continuado do portador de DPOC. A escolha do esquema para o tratamento continuado do asmático e do portador de DPOC é especialmente influenciada pela publicação de resultados de ensaios terapêuticos na literatura. CONCLUSÕES: A opinião do pneumologista sobre os temas abordados está de acordo com a literatura especializada.


OBJECTIVE: To evaluate how pulmonologists view the impact that asthma and COPD has on their patients, as well as how they treat these diseases. METHODS: Survey including 227 pulmonologists participating in the VI Brazilian Asthma Conference, II Brazilian COPD Conference and II Brazilian Smoking Conference, all of which were held in 2007. RESULTS: According to the answers given by the pulmonologists, COPD is a public health problem of equal or greater importance than asthma, and COPD causes various disruptions in the lives of patients and their family members. When prescribing an inhalation device, pulmonologists feel that simplicity of use is more important than is the cost. There was a slight preference for the Aeroliser® and Diskus® systems. The budesonide-formoterol combination was the therapeutic regimen most often cited for the continued treatment of the symptomatic asthma, whereas tiotropium bromide was the most often cited medication for the treatment of patients with COPD. Selection of the therapeutic regimen for asthma and COPD is primarily influenced by the results of therapeutic trials published in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: The opinions of pulmonologists on the topics under study are in concordance with data in the specialized literature.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Asthma/drug therapy , Bronchodilator Agents/therapeutic use , Practice Patterns, Physicians' , Pulmonary Medicine , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy , Administration, Inhalation , Budesonide/therapeutic use , Cross-Sectional Studies , Drug Combinations , Ethanolamines/therapeutic use , Nebulizers and Vaporizers
11.
J. bras. pneumol ; 35(1): 63-68, jan. 2009. tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-506068

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Estimar as prevalências de TB latente e TB ativa entre custodiados de um hospital penal na Bahia. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados através de estudo de corte transversal com coleta prospectiva de dados 237 internos no Hospital Penal da Bahia entre julho de 2003 e abril de 2004. Um questionário padronizado foi preenchido por estudantes de medicina. Os indivíduos foram sistematicamente submetidos aos seguintes exames: teste tuberculínico, radiografia de tórax em incidência póstero-anterior, baciloscopia e cultura para micobactérias. Os eventos de interesse foram TB ativa e TB latente. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi de 36,6 anos, sendo 89,9 por cento homens. Tabagismo e alcoolismo foram relatados por 70.0 por cento e 43.9 por cento dos internos, respectivamente. História de tratamento para TB foi relatada por 11,3 por cento dos indivíduos. Dos internos avaliados, 36,3 por cento relataram tosse e 31,4 por cento, expectoração. Outros sintomas menos frequentemente referidos foram astenia (26,2 por cento), perda de peso (23,1 por cento), inapetência (17,7 por cento), febre (11,3 por cento) e hemoptise (6,7 por cento). Nenhum dos 86 internos testados apresentou sorologia anti-HIV positiva. Entre os 156 submetidos ao teste tuberculínico, a prevalência de TB latente foi de 61,5 por cento (146 casos). Do total, 6 casos de TB ativa foram detectados (prevalência de 2,5 por cento). A presença de tosse foi um determinante de TB ativa (razão de prevalência = 8,8; IC95 por cento: 1,04-73,9; p = 0,025). CONCLUSÕES: A população de internos do Hospital Penal da Bahia tem altas prevalências de TB latente e ativa. Estes achados justificam a necessidade de implantação de políticas públicas especificamente direcionadas para o controle da TB nesta população


OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of latent and active TB among detainees in a prison hospital in Bahia, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with prospective data collection was carried out comprising 237 inmates in the Bahia State Prison Hospital between July 2003 and April 2004. A standardized questionnaire was applied and completed by medical students. The detainees were systematically submitted to the following tests: tuberculin skin test, chest X-ray (anteroposterior), sputum smear microscopy and culture for mycobacteria. The events of interest were active TB and latent TB. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 36.6 years, and 89.9 percent were male. Smoking and alcohol consumption were reported by 70.0 percent and 43.9 percent of the inmates, respectively. A history of treatment for TB was reported by 11.3 percent of the inmates. Of the inmates evaluated, 36.3 percent reported cough and 31.4 percent reported expectoration. Other less common symptoms were asthenia (in 26.2 percent), weight loss (in 23.1 percent), loss of appetite (in 17.7 percent), fever (in 11.3 percent) and hemoptysis (in 6.7 percent). Of the 86 inmates tested, none presented positive HIV serology. The prevalence of latent TB was 61.5 percent (96 of the 156 inmates submitted to tuberculin skin tests), whereas that of active TB was 2.5 percent (6 of the 237 inmates evaluated). The presence of cough was a determinant of active TB (prevalence ratio = 8.8; 95 percent CI: 1.04-73.9; p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Active and latent TB are highly prevalent among inmates hospitalized in the Bahia State Prison Hospital. Our findings justify the need to implement public policies specifically directed towards the control of TB in this population.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Prisoners/statistics & numerical data , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology , Tuberculosis/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Cough/epidemiology , Epidemiologic Methods , Hospitals , Prisons , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis , Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Young Adult
12.
J. bras. pneumol ; 34(11): 900-906, nov. 2008. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-623377

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de aspergilose broncopulmonar alérgica (ABPA) em pacientes com fibrose cística acompanhados em um centro de referência da Bahia. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, com coleta prospectiva de dados, realizado no Centro de Referência de Fibrose Cística da Bahia do Hospital Especializado Octavio Mangabeira. Foram incluídos no estudo 74 pacientes que tinham diagnóstico de fibrose cística, com idade acima de 6 anos e tratados entre 9 de dezembro de 2003 e 7 de março de 2005. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: gênero, idade, capacidade vital forçada, volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo, resposta a prova farmacodinâmica, achados em radiografia torácica e de seios de face, presença de sibilância, culturas para Aspergillus spp., imunoglobulina E (IgE) total, IgE específica para Aspergillus fumigatus e teste cutâneo de leitura imediata para aspergilina. RESULTADOS: Dos 74 pacientes, 2 foram diagnosticados com ABPA. Níveis de IgE total > 1.000 UI/mL foram observados em 17 pacientes (23%), teste cutâneo de leitura imediata para A. fumigatus positivos em 19 (25,7%) e sibilância em 60 (81,1%). CONCLUSÕES: A taxa de prevalência de ABPA foi de 2,7%. As altas taxas de IgE total, de teste cutâneo imediato para A. fumigatus positivos e de sibilância sugerem que estes pacientes devam ser acompanhados cuidadosamente por haver a possibilidade do desenvolvimento de ABPA.


OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) in patients with cystic fibrosis treated at a referral center in the state of Bahia, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study, with prospective data collection, carried out at the Cystic Fibrosis Referral Center of Bahia of the Octavio Mangabeira Specialized Hospital. We evaluated 74 patients diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, older than six years of age, treated between December 9, 2003 and March 7, 2005. We analyzed the following variables: gender, age, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, pharmacodynamic response, chest X-ray findings, facial sinus X-ray findings, wheezing, cultures for Aspergillus spp., total immunoglobulin E (IgE), specific IgE for Aspergillus fumigatus and immediate skin test reactivity to A.fumigatus antigen. RESULTS: Of the 74 patients, 2 were diagnosed with ABPA. We found total IgE levels > 1,000 IU/mL in 17 (23%), positive immediate skin reactivity to A. fumigatus antigen in 19 (25.7%) and wheezing in 60 (81.1%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of ABPA was 2.7%. The high levels of total IgE, high incidence of wheezing and high rate of immediate skin test reactivity to A. fumigatus antigen suggest that these patients should be carefully monitored due to their propensity to develop ABPA.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary/epidemiology , Cystic Fibrosis/complications , Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary/immunology , Aspergillus fumigatus/immunology , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology , Hypersensitivity, Immediate/immunology , Immunoglobulin E/blood , Immunoglobulin E/immunology , Prevalence , Prospective Studies , Skin Tests
14.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 11(3): 331-338, June 2007. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-457633

ABSTRACT

Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance, particularly multiresistance, is a crucial issue in the control of tuberculosis (TB). This study estimated the prevalence of primary and acquired anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from hospitalized patients, to identify the risk factors for resistance, and to evaluate the its impact on hospital mortality for tuberculosis. Strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from 217 patients hospitalized for TB were analyzed. Subjects were recruited sequentially at a TB reference hospital in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil from July 2001 to July 2003. Multiresistant (MR) strains were defined as strains resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid. Of a total of 217 strains isolated, 41 (19.0 percent, 95 percentCI: 14.1-24.5 percent) were resistant to at least one drug. Prevalence of primary resistance was 7.0 percent (10/145), while a prevalence of 43.1 percent (31/72) was found for acquired resistance. Primary resistance to one drug alone was found in 2.1 percent (3/145) and acquired monoresistance in 5.6 percent (4/72). Prevalence of MR strains in general was 14.3 percent (31/217), of which 4.2 percent (6/145) consisted of primary MR and 34.7 percent (25/72) of acquired MR. Three strains showed resistance to more than one drug, but were not classified as MR. In the multivariate analysis, abandoning treatment remained strongly associated with resistance (adjusted OR: 7.21; 95 percentCI: 3.27-15.90; p<0.001) following adjustment for 3 potential confounders (gender, alcohol dependence and HIV-infection). An association was found between resistance and mortality from tuberculosis, even after adjustment for HIV status, age, sex and alcohol dependence (adjusted OR: 7.13; 95 percentCI: 2.25-22.57; p<0.001). High prevalences of resistance, principally acquired resistance including MR, were found in patients hospitalized for TB in Bahia. This finding was strongly associated with having abandoned...


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/microbiology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Epidemiologic Methods , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/diagnosis , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/epidemiology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology
15.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 11(2): 208-211, Apr. 2007. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-454737

ABSTRACT

HIV infection is an important risk factor for the development of tuberculosis (TB), and also affects its morbidity and mortality. This study estimated the prevalence of HIV infection in patients hospitalized for TB in Bahia (in northeastern Brazil) and to evaluate its impact on in-hospital mortality. A total of 375 patients with TB, admitted consecutively to a TB reference hospital in Salvador (Bahia, Brazil), were evaluated between July 2001 and July 2003. Anti-HIV serology was performed in all patients irrespective of clinical and/or epidemiological data suggestive of HIV infection. Death during hospitalization was the principal event-dependent variable. Mean age of patients was 41.4 ± 16.2 years and the male/female ratio was 3.4:1.0. The prevalence of HIV infection was 8.8 percent (95 percentCI: 6.2-12.0 percent). Patients in the HIV-positive group were younger than those in the HIV-negative group (37.1 versus 41.9 years; p=0.05). In-hospital mortality was 10.9 percent for the whole group (95 percentCI: 9.4-15.9 percent), but was significantly greater in the HIV-positive group compared to the HIV-negative group (27.3 percent versus 9.4 percent; RR=2.9; 95 percentCI: 1.5-5.6; p=0.002). The prevalence of HIV infection in patients hospitalized for TB in Bahia (northeastern Brazil) is relatively high (8.8 percent) and mortality is significantly higher (2.9-fold) in the HIV-positive group. These findings justify carrying out HIV testing, as recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, in all TB patients, particularly those requiring hospitalization.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , HIV Infections/mortality , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/mortality , Brazil/epidemiology , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/diagnosis , HIV Seroprevalence , Hospital Mortality , Prevalence , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/complications
16.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 11(1): 153-156, Feb. 2007. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-454695

ABSTRACT

The authors present a case from a 59 years old white female Brazilian patient, based in Salvador-Bahia, Brazil's northeastern side area, who experienced irritative cough and progressive dyspnea, and, after 18 months, was admitted to a hospital with respiratory insufficiency. The physical exam showed diffuse rales in both hemithoraces. Initial leukogram showed 14,400 cells/mL with 14 percent of eosinophils and chest X-ray showed peribronchovascular infiltrate, predominating in the lower half of the lung fields, and small opaque nodules. The high-resolution computed tomography scan of the chest (HRCT) presented compatible pattern with airways disease, especially from the small airways, with air trapping, tree sprouting images, central lobular nodules and bronchiectasis, making the results compatible with bronchiolitis and bronchiectasis. The transbroncho biopsy unveiled granulomatous lesion with necrosis, where was noticed a structure compatible to a parasitic case, and the research of the parasite eggs in the sputum was positive to paragonimus. After the praziquantel use, the patient presented a thick ferruginous expectoration and the result for BAAR examination was positive. The PCR exam and the sputum culture confirmed M. tuberculosis, and then the treatment for M. tuberculosis was initiated. The authors warn that this infection may have been a consequence of economics globalization process, where the importation of parasitized crustaceans might be the cause. However, there is the need of an accurate examination for the possibility of paragonimus specimens in this area of Brazil.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Lung Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology , Paragonimiasis/epidemiology , Anthelmintics/therapeutic use , Brazil/epidemiology , Lung Diseases, Parasitic/diagnosis , Lung Diseases, Parasitic/drug therapy , Paragonimiasis/diagnosis , Paragonimiasis/drug therapy , Paragonimus/isolation & purification , Praziquantel/therapeutic use
17.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 47(2): 103-105, Mar.-Apr. 2005. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-399953

ABSTRACT

São relatados os dois primeiros casos de granuloma mediastinal por histoplasmose no Brasil, apresentando aspectos selecionados sobre dignóstico. O diagnóstico tecidual de histoplasmose foi obtido por mediastinoscopia e toracotomia, respectivamente. Em um paciente a massa calcificada subcarinal erodiu na árvore brônquica com pneumonite de aspiração bilateral uma semana após a toracotomia. Embora rara, histoplasmose deve ser incluída no diagnóstico diferencial de granuloma mediastinal especialmente com calcificação maior do que 10 mm de diâmetro.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Middle Aged , Granuloma/microbiology , Histoplasmosis/diagnosis , Mediastinal Diseases/microbiology , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Granuloma/diagnosis , Histoplasmosis/drug therapy , Itraconazole/therapeutic use , Mediastinal Diseases/diagnosis , Thoracotomy
19.
J. bras. pneumol ; 30(1): 39-45, jan.-fev. 2004. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-360091

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇAO: A tuberculose pulmonar é uma doença infectocontagiosa de elevadas incidência e prevalência. O diagnóstico é feito de maneira rápida e segura através da baciloscopia do escarro. Entretanto, dos portadores de tuberculose pulmonar, 30 por cento a 50 por cento têm baciloscopia do escarro negativa ou não têm escarro, o que faz com que a fibrobroncoscopia adquira especial importância nesses casos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a sensibilidade de espécimes colhidos, através da fibrobroncoscopia (lavado broncoalveolar e biópsia transbrônquica), para o diagnóstico de pacientes com suspeita de tuberculose pulmonar, sem confirmação diagnóstica através da baciloscopia do escarro. MÉTODO: Através da revisão dos livros de registro das fibrobroncoscopias realizadas no Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos e no Hospital São Rafael, entre março de 1997 e março de 2001, foram identificados e incluídos no estudo os pacientes maiores de 18 anos, e encaminhados devido a suspeita de tuberculose com, no mínimo, três baciloscopias do escarro negativas. Foram coletados dados referentes a idade, sexo, alteração radiológica e alterações encontradas durante o exame endoscópico. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 52 pacientes, com idade variando de 19 a 77 anos (mediana de 39), sendo 58 por cento do sexo masculino e 37 por cento atendidos pelo SUS. A apresentação radiológica predominante foi o infiltrado alveolar (80 por cento). Tuberculose foi o diagnóstico final em 35 pacientes (1 com neoplasia associada), e a broncoscopia foi diagnóstica em 28 pacientes (80 por cento). Outros diagnósticos obtidos pela broncoscopia foram: neoplasia, histoplasmose, alveolite crônica eosinofilica, pneumonia por Pneumocystis carinii e fibrose pulmonar. CONCLUSAO: Os resultados deste estudo indicam a realização da fibrobroncoscopia em pacientes com suspeita de tuberculose não confirmada através da baciloscopia do escarro para determinação diagnóstica, não só desta doença, como de todas as que representam diagnósticos diferenciais.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Bronchoscopy/methods , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis , Biopsy , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/microbiology , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification , Sensitivity and Specificity
20.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 57(2B): 471-5, jun. 1999. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-236077

ABSTRACT

O acometimento do sistema nervoso central pela tuberculose pode se manifestar de duas formas principais: tuberculose meníngea ou tuberculoma. Esta forma é uma condição que vinha decrescendo progressivamente, mas que encontrou nos dias atuais condições ideais para o seu desenvolvimento. O presente estudo discorre sobre três pacientes que desenvolveram expansão paradoxal de lesões de tuberculose cerebral durante o uso de tuberculostáticos, o que demonstra ser importante o acompanhamento tomográfico de pacientes que apresentem sinais neurológicos no curso do tratamento para a tuberculose. Os dois primeiros pacientes apresentaram o acometimento neurológico associado a tuberculose pulmonar, enquanto no terceiro havia história de tuberculose meníngea prévia. A tomografia computadorizada foi o exame utilizado para o acompanhamento desses pacientes. O tratamento constou do uso de tuberculostáticos e corticóides.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Brain Diseases/etiology , Central Nervous System Diseases/etiology , Tuberculoma/etiology , Tuberculosis/complications , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Brain Diseases , Central Nervous System Diseases , Tuberculoma , Tuberculosis, Meningeal/complications , Tuberculosis, Meningeal/drug therapy , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/complications , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy
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